On Ripples—A Boundary Layer-Theoretical Definition

Once the first initial ripples have developed, they form according to actual flow forces and sediment properties. In this paper, a semianalytical approach determine length of developed is presented. The theory assumes disturbances at bed surface corresponding separations resulting from an individual respective boundary layer. What causes rhythmic perturbations not subject paper. Based on layer theory, explains possible physical background for existence in cohesion-free sediments. At same time, provides distinction dunes: are sand waves affected by viscous sublayer, dunes where case. Applications Earth, Mars, Titan shown.